Zinc Supplementation Effect on the Bronchial Cilia Length, the Number of Cilia, and the Number of Intact Bronchial Cell in Zinc Deficiency Rats

Andy Darma; Alpha Fardah Athiyyah; Reza Gunadi Ranuh; Wiweka Merbawani; Retno Asih Setyoningrum; Boerhan Hidajat; Siti Nurul Hidayati; Anang Endaryanto; Subijanto Marto Sudarmo

doi:10.18585/inabj.v12i1.998

Zinc Supplementation Effect on the Bronchial Cilia Length, the Number of Cilia, and the Number of Intact Bronchial Cell in Zinc Deficiency Rats

Andy Darma, Alpha Fardah Athiyyah, Reza Gunadi Ranuh, Wiweka Merbawani, Retno Asih Setyoningrum, Boerhan Hidajat, Siti Nurul Hidayati, Anang Endaryanto, Subijanto Marto Sudarmo

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Airway epithelium is the first line of defense against a variety of exposures. Inflammatory processes, hyperresponsiveness and zinc deficiency cause epithelial damage. Zinc is involved in apoptosis and microtubule formation. However, its role in the integrity of bronchial mucosa and cilia is unclear.

METHODS: To assess the effect of zinc on the integrity of the bronchial epithelium, 24 male Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar rats were randomized into four experimental groups: normal zinc diet group without zinc supplementation, normal zinc diet group with 60 ppm zinc supplementation, zinc deficient diet group without zinc supplementation, and zinc deficient diet group with 120 ppm zinc supplementation. Bronchial mucosal integrity was measured with the number of epithelial cells, and the number and length of cilia.

RESULTS: Number of cell in normal zinc diet group was 8.8±1.82, while it was only 8.1±1.08 in zinc deficient diet group (p<0.001). Number of cilia per cell was 4.6±1.08 in normal zinc diet group, compared to 4.0±0.79 in zinc deficient diet group (p<0.001). Ciliary length also differ by 7.68±0.66 μm in normal zinc diet group and only 5.16±0.91 μm in zinc deficient diet group (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION: Zinc supplementation of the normal zinc diet group affected the length of bronchial cilia. Zinc supplementation of the zinc deficient diet group affected the integrity of the bronchial epithelium, which was shown by the number and length of cilia, and the number of epithelial cells.

KEYWORDS: zinc, bronchial epithelial integrity, cilia length, number of cilia, epithelial cell

Full Text:

PDF

References

Papadaki HA, Velegraki M. The immunology of the respiratory system. Pneumon. 2007; 20: 384-94, article.

Finamore A, Massimi M, Conti Devirgiliis L, Mengheri E. Zinc deficiency induces membrane barrier damage and increases neutrophil transmigration in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr. 2008; 138: 1664-70, CrossRef.

Bao S, Knoell DL. Zinc modulates cytokine-induced lung epithelial cell barrier permeability. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006; 291: L1132-41, CrossRef.

Aggarwal R, Sentz J, Miller MA. Role of zinc administration in prevention of childhood diarrhea and respiratory illnesses: a metaanalysis. Pediatrics. 2007; 119: 1120-30, CrossRef.

Roth DE, Caulfield LE, Ezzati M, Black RE. Acute lower respiratory infections in childhood: opportunities for reducing the global burden through nutritional interventions. Bull World Health Organ. 2008; 86: 356-64, CrossRef.

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) [Internet]. Jakarta: UNICEF Indonesia. Kesehatan [updated 2019 May 7; cited 2019 Dec 2]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/.

Cohen HA, Varsano I, Kahan E, Sarrell EM, Uziel Y. Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004; 158: 217-21, CrossRef.

Stanton N, Francis NA, Butler CC. Reducing uncertainty in managing respiratory tract infections in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2010; 60: e466-75, CrossRef.

Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Brown KH, Gardner JM, Gore S, Hidayat A, et al. Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zinc Investigators’ Collaborative Group. J Pediatr. 1999; 135: 689-97, CrossRef.

Carter JE, Truong-Tran AQ, Grosser D, Ho L, Ruffin RE, Zalewski PD. Involvement of redox events in caspase activation in zinc-depleted airway epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002; 297: 1062-70, CrossRef.

Williams RB, Mills CF. The experimental production of zinc deficiency in the rat. Br J Nutr. 1970; 24: 989-1003, CrossRef.

Yu Q, Sun X, Zhao J, Zhao L, Chen Y, Fan L, et al. The effects of zinc deficiency on homeostasis of twelve minerals and trace elements in the serum, feces, urine and liver of rats. Nutr Metab. 2019; 16: 73, CrossRef.

Canene-Adams K. Chapter fifteen: Preparation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue for immunohistochemistry. In: Lorsch J, editor. Methods in Enzymology, Vol.533. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2013. p. 225-33, CrossRef.

Roof DJ, Hayes A, Adamian M, Chishti AH, Li T. Molecular characterization of abLIM, a novel actin-binding and double zinc finger protein. J Cell Biol. 1997; 138: 575-88, CrossRef.

Murgia C, Grosser D, Truong-Tran AQ, Roscioli E, Michalczyk A, Ackland ML, et al. Apical localization of zinc transporter ZnT4 in human airway epithelial cells and its loss in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Nutrients. 2011; 3: 910-28, CrossRef.

Chai F, Truong-Tran AQ, Evdokiou A, Young GP, Zalewski PD. Intracellular zinc depletion induces caspase activation and p21 Waf1/Cip1 cleavage in human epithelial cell lines. J Infect Dis. 2000; 182 (Suppl): S85-92, CrossRef.

Barceloux DG, Barceloux D. Zinc. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999; 37: 279-92, CrossRef.

Plum LM, Rink L, Haase H. The essential toxin: impact of zinc on human health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010; 7: 1342-65, CrossRef.

Franklin RB, Costello LC. The important role of the apoptotic effects of zinc in the development of cancers. J Cell Biochem. 2009; 106: 750-7, CrossRef.

Kocdor H, Ates H, Aydin S, Cehreli R, Soyarat F, Kemanli P, et al. Zinc supplementation induces apoptosis and enhances antitumor efficacy of docetaxel in non-small-cell lung cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015; 9: 3899-909, CrossRef.

Gomez NN, Biaggio VS, Ciminari ME, Chaca MVP, Álvarez SM. Zinc: what is its role in lung cancer? In: Erkekoglu P, editor. Nutritional Deficiency. London: InTech; 2016, CrossRef.

Fanzo JC, Reaves SK, Cui L, Zhu L, Wu JY, Wang YR, et al. Zinc status affects p53, gadd45, and c-fos expression and caspase-3 activity in human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001; 281: C751-7, CrossRef.

Nikula KJ, Wilson DW, Giri SN, Plopper CG, Dungworth DL. The response of the rat tracheal epithelium to ozone exposure. Injury, adaptation, and repair. Am J Pathol. 1988; 131: 373-84, PMID.

Ho E, Courtemanche C, Ames BN. Zinc deficiency induces oxidative DNA damage and increases p53 expression in human lung fibroblasts. J Nutr. 2003; 133: 2543-8, CrossRef.

Puchelle E, Zahm JM, Tournier JM, Coraux C. Airway epithelial repair, regeneration, and remodeling after injury in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006; 3: 726-33, CrossRef.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v12i1.998

Copyright (c) 2020 The Prodia Education and Research Institute